Overall Summary

In my analysis of insurance data, I explore different aspects like where people live, whether they smoke, their body mass index (BMI), and how much they’re charged for insurance. I found that some regions have more people insured, smokers tend to pay more, and as people get older, their insurance costs might go up. The data also shows that while most people have reasonable medical charges but some face very high costs. Overall, my investigation reveals interesting patterns in who pays more for insurance and why, suggesting that both health habits and where you live can make a big difference in insurance expenses.

Data Preparation and Summary

Row

1. Read the data file insurance.csv using the read_csv() function in tidyverse.

     age    sex    bmi children smoker    region   charges
1     19 female 27.900        0    yes southwest 16884.924
2     18   male 33.770        1     no southeast  1725.552
3     28   male 33.000        3     no southeast  4449.462
4     33   male 22.705        0     no northwest 21984.471
5     32   male 28.880        0     no northwest  3866.855
6     31 female 25.740        0     no southeast  3756.622
7     46 female 33.440        1     no southeast  8240.590
8     37 female 27.740        3     no northwest  7281.506
9     37   male 29.830        2     no northeast  6406.411
10    60 female 25.840        0     no northwest 28923.137
11    25   male 26.220        0     no northeast  2721.321
12    62 female 26.290        0    yes southeast 27808.725
13    23   male 34.400        0     no southwest  1826.843
14    56 female 39.820        0     no southeast 11090.718
15    27   male 42.130        0    yes southeast 39611.758
16    19   male 24.600        1     no southwest  1837.237
17    52 female 30.780        1     no northeast 10797.336
18    23   male 23.845        0     no northeast  2395.172
19    56   male 40.300        0     no southwest 10602.385
20    30   male 35.300        0    yes southwest 36837.467
21    60 female 36.005        0     no northeast 13228.847
22    30 female 32.400        1     no southwest  4149.736
23    18   male 34.100        0     no southeast  1137.011
24    34 female 31.920        1    yes northeast 37701.877
25    37   male 28.025        2     no northwest  6203.902
26    59 female 27.720        3     no southeast 14001.134
27    63 female 23.085        0     no northeast 14451.835
28    55 female 32.775        2     no northwest 12268.632
29    23   male 17.385        1     no northwest  2775.192
30    31   male 36.300        2    yes southwest 38711.000
31    22   male 35.600        0    yes southwest 35585.576
32    18 female 26.315        0     no northeast  2198.190
33    19 female 28.600        5     no southwest  4687.797
34    63   male 28.310        0     no northwest 13770.098
35    28   male 36.400        1    yes southwest 51194.559
36    19   male 20.425        0     no northwest  1625.434
37    62 female 32.965        3     no northwest 15612.193
38    26   male 20.800        0     no southwest  2302.300
39    35   male 36.670        1    yes northeast 39774.276
40    60   male 39.900        0    yes southwest 48173.361
41    24 female 26.600        0     no northeast  3046.062
42    31 female 36.630        2     no southeast  4949.759
43    41   male 21.780        1     no southeast  6272.477
44    37 female 30.800        2     no southeast  6313.759
45    38   male 37.050        1     no northeast  6079.672
46    55   male 37.300        0     no southwest 20630.284
47    18 female 38.665        2     no northeast  3393.356
48    28 female 34.770        0     no northwest  3556.922
49    60 female 24.530        0     no southeast 12629.897
50    36   male 35.200        1    yes southeast 38709.176
51    18 female 35.625        0     no northeast  2211.131
52    21 female 33.630        2     no northwest  3579.829
53    48   male 28.000        1    yes southwest 23568.272
54    36   male 34.430        0    yes southeast 37742.576
55    40 female 28.690        3     no northwest  8059.679
56    58   male 36.955        2    yes northwest 47496.494
57    58 female 31.825        2     no northeast 13607.369
58    18   male 31.680        2    yes southeast 34303.167
59    53 female 22.880        1    yes southeast 23244.790
60    34 female 37.335        2     no northwest  5989.524
61    43   male 27.360        3     no northeast  8606.217
62    25   male 33.660        4     no southeast  4504.662
63    64   male 24.700        1     no northwest 30166.618
64    28 female 25.935        1     no northwest  4133.642
65    20 female 22.420        0    yes northwest 14711.744
66    19 female 28.900        0     no southwest  1743.214
67    61 female 39.100        2     no southwest 14235.072
68    40   male 26.315        1     no northwest  6389.378
69    40 female 36.190        0     no southeast  5920.104
70    28   male 23.980        3    yes southeast 17663.144
71    27 female 24.750        0    yes southeast 16577.780
72    31   male 28.500        5     no northeast  6799.458
73    53 female 28.100        3     no southwest 11741.726
74    58   male 32.010        1     no southeast 11946.626
75    44   male 27.400        2     no southwest  7726.854
76    57   male 34.010        0     no northwest 11356.661
77    29 female 29.590        1     no southeast  3947.413
78    21   male 35.530        0     no southeast  1532.470
79    22 female 39.805        0     no northeast  2755.021
80    41 female 32.965        0     no northwest  6571.024
81    31   male 26.885        1     no northeast  4441.213
82    45 female 38.285        0     no northeast  7935.291
83    22   male 37.620        1    yes southeast 37165.164
84    48 female 41.230        4     no northwest 11033.662
85    37 female 34.800        2    yes southwest 39836.519
86    45   male 22.895        2    yes northwest 21098.554
87    57 female 31.160        0    yes northwest 43578.939
88    56 female 27.200        0     no southwest 11073.176
89    46 female 27.740        0     no northwest  8026.667
90    55 female 26.980        0     no northwest 11082.577
91    21 female 39.490        0     no southeast  2026.974
92    53 female 24.795        1     no northwest 10942.132
93    59   male 29.830        3    yes northeast 30184.937
94    35   male 34.770        2     no northwest  5729.005
95    64 female 31.300        2    yes southwest 47291.055
96    28 female 37.620        1     no southeast  3766.884
97    54 female 30.800        3     no southwest 12105.320
98    55   male 38.280        0     no southeast 10226.284
99    56   male 19.950        0    yes northeast 22412.648
100   38   male 19.300        0    yes southwest 15820.699
101   41 female 31.600        0     no southwest  6186.127
102   30   male 25.460        0     no northeast  3645.089
103   18 female 30.115        0     no northeast 21344.847
104   61 female 29.920        3    yes southeast 30942.192
105   34 female 27.500        1     no southwest  5003.853
106   20   male 28.025        1    yes northwest 17560.380
107   19 female 28.400        1     no southwest  2331.519
108   26   male 30.875        2     no northwest  3877.304
109   29   male 27.940        0     no southeast  2867.120
110   63   male 35.090        0    yes southeast 47055.532
111   54   male 33.630        1     no northwest 10825.254
112   55 female 29.700        2     no southwest 11881.358
113   37   male 30.800        0     no southwest  4646.759
114   21 female 35.720        0     no northwest  2404.734
115   52   male 32.205        3     no northeast 11488.317
116   60   male 28.595        0     no northeast 30259.996
117   58   male 49.060        0     no southeast 11381.325
118   29 female 27.940        1    yes southeast 19107.780
119   49 female 27.170        0     no southeast  8601.329
120   37 female 23.370        2     no northwest  6686.431
121   44   male 37.100        2     no southwest  7740.337
122   18   male 23.750        0     no northeast  1705.624
123   20 female 28.975        0     no northwest  2257.475
124   44   male 31.350        1    yes northeast 39556.495
125   47 female 33.915        3     no northwest 10115.009
126   26 female 28.785        0     no northeast  3385.399
127   19 female 28.300        0    yes southwest 17081.080
128   52 female 37.400        0     no southwest  9634.538
129   32 female 17.765        2    yes northwest 32734.186
130   38   male 34.700        2     no southwest  6082.405
131   59 female 26.505        0     no northeast 12815.445
132   61 female 22.040        0     no northeast 13616.359
133   53 female 35.900        2     no southwest 11163.568
134   19   male 25.555        0     no northwest  1632.564
135   20 female 28.785        0     no northeast  2457.211
136   22 female 28.050        0     no southeast  2155.682
137   19   male 34.100        0     no southwest  1261.442
138   22   male 25.175        0     no northwest  2045.685
139   54 female 31.900        3     no southeast 27322.734
140   22 female 36.000        0     no southwest  2166.732
141   34   male 22.420        2     no northeast 27375.905
142   26   male 32.490        1     no northeast  3490.549
143   34   male 25.300        2    yes southeast 18972.495
144   29   male 29.735        2     no northwest 18157.876
145   30   male 28.690        3    yes northwest 20745.989
146   29 female 38.830        3     no southeast  5138.257
147   46   male 30.495        3    yes northwest 40720.551
148   51 female 37.730        1     no southeast  9877.608
149   53 female 37.430        1     no northwest 10959.695
150   19   male 28.400        1     no southwest  1842.519
151   35   male 24.130        1     no northwest  5125.216
152   48   male 29.700        0     no southeast  7789.635
153   32 female 37.145        3     no northeast  6334.344
154   42 female 23.370        0    yes northeast 19964.746
155   40 female 25.460        1     no northeast  7077.189
156   44   male 39.520        0     no northwest  6948.701
157   48   male 24.420        0    yes southeast 21223.676
158   18   male 25.175        0    yes northeast 15518.180
159   30   male 35.530        0    yes southeast 36950.257
160   50 female 27.830        3     no southeast 19749.383
161   42 female 26.600        0    yes northwest 21348.706
162   18 female 36.850        0    yes southeast 36149.484
163   54   male 39.600        1     no southwest 10450.552
164   32 female 29.800        2     no southwest  5152.134
165   37   male 29.640        0     no northwest  5028.147
166   47   male 28.215        4     no northeast 10407.086
167   20 female 37.000        5     no southwest  4830.630
168   32 female 33.155        3     no northwest  6128.797
169   19 female 31.825        1     no northwest  2719.280
170   27   male 18.905        3     no northeast  4827.905
171   63   male 41.470        0     no southeast 13405.390
172   49   male 30.300        0     no southwest  8116.680
173   18   male 15.960        0     no northeast  1694.796
174   35 female 34.800        1     no southwest  5246.047
175   24 female 33.345        0     no northwest  2855.438
176   63 female 37.700        0    yes southwest 48824.450
177   38   male 27.835        2     no northwest  6455.863
178   54   male 29.200        1     no southwest 10436.096
179   46 female 28.900        2     no southwest  8823.279
180   41 female 33.155        3     no northeast  8538.288
181   58   male 28.595        0     no northwest 11735.879
182   18 female 38.280        0     no southeast  1631.821
183   22   male 19.950        3     no northeast  4005.423
184   44 female 26.410        0     no northwest  7419.478
185   44   male 30.690        2     no southeast  7731.427
186   36   male 41.895        3    yes northeast 43753.337
187   26 female 29.920        2     no southeast  3981.977
188   30 female 30.900        3     no southwest  5325.651
189   41 female 32.200        1     no southwest  6775.961
190   29 female 32.110        2     no northwest  4922.916
191   61   male 31.570        0     no southeast 12557.605
192   36 female 26.200        0     no southwest  4883.866
193   25   male 25.740        0     no southeast  2137.654
194   56 female 26.600        1     no northwest 12044.342
195   18   male 34.430        0     no southeast  1137.470
196   19   male 30.590        0     no northwest  1639.563
197   39 female 32.800        0     no southwest  5649.715
198   45 female 28.600        2     no southeast  8516.829
199   51 female 18.050        0     no northwest  9644.253
200   64 female 39.330        0     no northeast 14901.517
201   19 female 32.110        0     no northwest  2130.676
202   48 female 32.230        1     no southeast  8871.152
203   60 female 24.035        0     no northwest 13012.209
204   27 female 36.080        0    yes southeast 37133.898
205   46   male 22.300        0     no southwest  7147.105
206   28 female 28.880        1     no northeast  4337.735
207   59   male 26.400        0     no southeast 11743.299
208   35   male 27.740        2    yes northeast 20984.094
209   63 female 31.800        0     no southwest 13880.949
210   40   male 41.230        1     no northeast  6610.110
211   20   male 33.000        1     no southwest  1980.070
212   40   male 30.875        4     no northwest  8162.716
213   24   male 28.500        2     no northwest  3537.703
214   34 female 26.730        1     no southeast  5002.783
215   45 female 30.900        2     no southwest  8520.026
216   41 female 37.100        2     no southwest  7371.772
217   53 female 26.600        0     no northwest 10355.641
218   27   male 23.100        0     no southeast  2483.736
219   26 female 29.920        1     no southeast  3392.977
220   24 female 23.210        0     no southeast 25081.768
221   34 female 33.700        1     no southwest  5012.471
222   53 female 33.250        0     no northeast 10564.885
223   32   male 30.800        3     no southwest  5253.524
224   19   male 34.800        0    yes southwest 34779.615
225   42   male 24.640        0    yes southeast 19515.542
226   55   male 33.880        3     no southeast 11987.168
227   28   male 38.060        0     no southeast  2689.495
228   58 female 41.910        0     no southeast 24227.337
229   41 female 31.635        1     no northeast  7358.176
230   47   male 25.460        2     no northeast  9225.256
231   42 female 36.195        1     no northwest  7443.643
232   59 female 27.830        3     no southeast 14001.287
233   19 female 17.800        0     no southwest  1727.785
234   59   male 27.500        1     no southwest 12333.828
235   39   male 24.510        2     no northwest  6710.192
236   40 female 22.220        2    yes southeast 19444.266
237   18 female 26.730        0     no southeast  1615.767
238   31   male 38.390        2     no southeast  4463.205
239   19   male 29.070        0    yes northwest 17352.680
240   44   male 38.060        1     no southeast  7152.671
241   23 female 36.670        2    yes northeast 38511.628
242   33 female 22.135        1     no northeast  5354.075
243   55 female 26.800        1     no southwest 35160.135
244   40   male 35.300        3     no southwest  7196.867
245   63 female 27.740        0    yes northeast 29523.166
246   54   male 30.020        0     no northwest 24476.479
247   60 female 38.060        0     no southeast 12648.703
248   24   male 35.860        0     no southeast  1986.933
249   19   male 20.900        1     no southwest  1832.094
250   29   male 28.975        1     no northeast  4040.558
251   18   male 17.290        2    yes northeast 12829.455
252   63 female 32.200        2    yes southwest 47305.305
253   54   male 34.210        2    yes southeast 44260.750
254   27   male 30.300        3     no southwest  4260.744
255   50   male 31.825        0    yes northeast 41097.162
256   55 female 25.365        3     no northeast 13047.332
257   56   male 33.630        0    yes northwest 43921.184
258   38 female 40.150        0     no southeast  5400.980
259   51   male 24.415        4     no northwest 11520.100
260   19   male 31.920        0    yes northwest 33750.292
261   58 female 25.200        0     no southwest 11837.160
262   20 female 26.840        1    yes southeast 17085.268
263   52   male 24.320        3    yes northeast 24869.837
264   19   male 36.955        0    yes northwest 36219.405
265   53 female 38.060        3     no southeast 20462.998
266   46   male 42.350        3    yes southeast 46151.124
267   40   male 19.800        1    yes southeast 17179.522
268   59 female 32.395        3     no northeast 14590.632
269   45   male 30.200        1     no southwest  7441.053
270   49   male 25.840        1     no northeast  9282.481
271   18   male 29.370        1     no southeast  1719.436
272   50   male 34.200        2    yes southwest 42856.838
273   41   male 37.050        2     no northwest  7265.703
274   50   male 27.455        1     no northeast  9617.662
275   25   male 27.550        0     no northwest  2523.169
276   47 female 26.600        2     no northeast  9715.841
277   19   male 20.615        2     no northwest  2803.698
278   22 female 24.300        0     no southwest  2150.469
279   59   male 31.790        2     no southeast 12928.791
280   51 female 21.560        1     no southeast  9855.131
281   40 female 28.120        1    yes northeast 22331.567
282   54   male 40.565        3    yes northeast 48549.178
283   30   male 27.645        1     no northeast  4237.127
284   55 female 32.395        1     no northeast 11879.104
285   52 female 31.200        0     no southwest  9625.920
286   46   male 26.620        1     no southeast  7742.110
287   46 female 48.070        2     no northeast  9432.925
288   63 female 26.220        0     no northwest 14256.193
289   59 female 36.765        1    yes northeast 47896.791
290   52   male 26.400        3     no southeast 25992.821
291   28 female 33.400        0     no southwest  3172.018
292   29   male 29.640        1     no northeast 20277.808
293   25   male 45.540        2    yes southeast 42112.236
294   22 female 28.820        0     no southeast  2156.752
295   25   male 26.800        3     no southwest  3906.127
296   18   male 22.990        0     no northeast  1704.568
297   19   male 27.700        0    yes southwest 16297.846
298   47   male 25.410        1    yes southeast 21978.677
299   31   male 34.390        3    yes northwest 38746.355
300   48 female 28.880        1     no northwest  9249.495
301   36   male 27.550        3     no northeast  6746.743
302   53 female 22.610        3    yes northeast 24873.385
303   56 female 37.510        2     no southeast 12265.507
304   28 female 33.000        2     no southeast  4349.462
305   57 female 38.000        2     no southwest 12646.207
306   29   male 33.345        2     no northwest 19442.354
307   28 female 27.500        2     no southwest 20177.671
308   30 female 33.330        1     no southeast  4151.029
309   58   male 34.865        0     no northeast 11944.594
310   41 female 33.060        2     no northwest  7749.156
311   50   male 26.600        0     no southwest  8444.474
312   19 female 24.700        0     no southwest  1737.376
313   43   male 35.970        3    yes southeast 42124.515
314   49   male 35.860        0     no southeast  8124.408
315   27 female 31.400        0    yes southwest 34838.873
316   52   male 33.250        0     no northeast  9722.770
317   50   male 32.205        0     no northwest  8835.265
318   54   male 32.775        0     no northeast 10435.065
319   44 female 27.645        0     no northwest  7421.195
320   32   male 37.335        1     no northeast  4667.608
321   34   male 25.270        1     no northwest  4894.753
322   26 female 29.640        4     no northeast 24671.663
323   34   male 30.800        0    yes southwest 35491.640
324   57   male 40.945        0     no northeast 11566.301
325   29   male 27.200        0     no southwest  2866.091
326   40   male 34.105        1     no northeast  6600.206
327   27 female 23.210        1     no southeast  3561.889
328   45   male 36.480        2    yes northwest 42760.502
329   64 female 33.800        1    yes southwest 47928.030
330   52   male 36.700        0     no southwest  9144.565
331   61 female 36.385        1    yes northeast 48517.563
332   52   male 27.360        0    yes northwest 24393.622
333   61 female 31.160        0     no northwest 13429.035
334   56 female 28.785        0     no northeast 11658.379
335   43 female 35.720        2     no northeast 19144.577
336   64   male 34.500        0     no southwest 13822.803
337   60   male 25.740        0     no southeast 12142.579
338   62   male 27.550        1     no northwest 13937.666
339   50   male 32.300        1    yes northeast 41919.097
340   46 female 27.720        1     no southeast  8232.639
341   24 female 27.600        0     no southwest 18955.220
342   62   male 30.020        0     no northwest 13352.100
343   60 female 27.550        0     no northeast 13217.094
344   63   male 36.765        0     no northeast 13981.850
345   49 female 41.470        4     no southeast 10977.206
346   34 female 29.260        3     no southeast  6184.299
347   33   male 35.750        2     no southeast  4889.999
348   46   male 33.345        1     no northeast  8334.458
349   36 female 29.920        1     no southeast  5478.037
350   19   male 27.835        0     no northwest  1635.734
351   57 female 23.180        0     no northwest 11830.607
352   50 female 25.600        0     no southwest  8932.084
353   30 female 27.700        0     no southwest  3554.203
354   33   male 35.245        0     no northeast 12404.879
355   18 female 38.280        0     no southeast 14133.038
356   46   male 27.600        0     no southwest 24603.048
357   46   male 43.890        3     no southeast  8944.115
358   47   male 29.830        3     no northwest  9620.331
359   23   male 41.910        0     no southeast  1837.282
360   18 female 20.790        0     no southeast  1607.510
361   48 female 32.300        2     no northeast 10043.249
362   35   male 30.500        1     no southwest  4751.070
363   19 female 21.700        0    yes southwest 13844.506
364   21 female 26.400        1     no southwest  2597.779
365   21 female 21.890        2     no southeast  3180.510
366   49 female 30.780        1     no northeast  9778.347
367   56 female 32.300        3     no northeast 13430.265
368   42 female 24.985        2     no northwest  8017.061
369   44   male 32.015        2     no northwest  8116.269
370   18   male 30.400        3     no northeast  3481.868
371   61 female 21.090        0     no northwest 13415.038
372   57 female 22.230        0     no northeast 12029.287
373   42 female 33.155        1     no northeast  7639.417
374   26   male 32.900        2    yes southwest 36085.219
375   20   male 33.330        0     no southeast  1391.529
376   23 female 28.310        0    yes northwest 18033.968
377   39 female 24.890        3    yes northeast 21659.930
378   24   male 40.150        0    yes southeast 38126.247
379   64 female 30.115        3     no northwest 16455.708
380   62   male 31.460        1     no southeast 27000.985
381   27 female 17.955        2    yes northeast 15006.579
382   55   male 30.685        0    yes northeast 42303.692
383   55   male 33.000        0     no southeast 20781.489
384   35 female 43.340        2     no southeast  5846.918
385   44   male 22.135        2     no northeast  8302.536
386   19   male 34.400        0     no southwest  1261.859
387   58 female 39.050        0     no southeast 11856.412
388   50   male 25.365        2     no northwest 30284.643
389   26 female 22.610        0     no northwest  3176.816
390   24 female 30.210        3     no northwest  4618.080
391   48   male 35.625        4     no northeast 10736.871
392   19 female 37.430        0     no northwest  2138.071
393   48   male 31.445        1     no northeast  8964.061
394   49   male 31.350        1     no northeast  9290.139
395   46 female 32.300        2     no northeast  9411.005
396   46   male 19.855        0     no northwest  7526.706
397   43 female 34.400        3     no southwest  8522.003
398   21   male 31.020        0     no southeast 16586.498
399   64   male 25.600        2     no southwest 14988.432
400   18 female 38.170        0     no southeast  1631.668
401   51 female 20.600        0     no southwest  9264.797
402   47   male 47.520        1     no southeast  8083.920
403   64 female 32.965        0     no northwest 14692.669
404   49   male 32.300        3     no northwest 10269.460
405   31   male 20.400        0     no southwest  3260.199
406   52 female 38.380        2     no northeast 11396.900
407   33 female 24.310        0     no southeast  4185.098
408   47 female 23.600        1     no southwest  8539.671
409   38   male 21.120        3     no southeast  6652.529
410   32   male 30.030        1     no southeast  4074.454
411   19   male 17.480        0     no northwest  1621.340
412   44 female 20.235        1    yes northeast 19594.810
413   26 female 17.195        2    yes northeast 14455.644
414   25   male 23.900        5     no southwest  5080.096
415   19 female 35.150        0     no northwest  2134.901
416   43 female 35.640        1     no southeast  7345.727
417   52   male 34.100        0     no southeast  9140.951
418   36 female 22.600        2    yes southwest 18608.262
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1247  45 female 25.700        3     no southwest  9101.798
1248  33   male 29.400        4     no southwest  6059.173
1249  18 female 39.820        0     no southeast  1633.962
1250  32   male 33.630        1    yes northeast 37607.528
1251  24   male 29.830        0    yes northeast 18648.422
1252  19   male 19.800        0     no southwest  1241.565
1253  20   male 27.300        0    yes southwest 16232.847
1254  40 female 29.300        4     no southwest 15828.822
1255  34 female 27.720        0     no southeast  4415.159
1256  42 female 37.900        0     no southwest  6474.013
1257  51 female 36.385        3     no northwest 11436.738
1258  54 female 27.645        1     no northwest 11305.935
1259  55   male 37.715        3     no northwest 30063.581
1260  52 female 23.180        0     no northeast 10197.772
1261  32 female 20.520        0     no northeast  4544.235
1262  28   male 37.100        1     no southwest  3277.161
1263  41 female 28.050        1     no southeast  6770.193
1264  43 female 29.900        1     no southwest  7337.748
1265  49 female 33.345        2     no northeast 10370.913
1266  64   male 23.760        0    yes southeast 26926.514
1267  55 female 30.500        0     no southwest 10704.470
1268  24   male 31.065        0    yes northeast 34254.053
1269  20 female 33.300        0     no southwest  1880.487
1270  45   male 27.500        3     no southwest  8615.300
1271  26   male 33.915        1     no northwest  3292.530
1272  25 female 34.485        0     no northwest  3021.809
1273  43   male 25.520        5     no southeast 14478.330
1274  35   male 27.610        1     no southeast  4747.053
1275  26   male 27.060        0    yes southeast 17043.341
1276  57   male 23.700        0     no southwest 10959.330
1277  22 female 30.400        0     no northeast  2741.948
1278  32 female 29.735        0     no northwest  4357.044
1279  39   male 29.925        1    yes northeast 22462.044
1280  25 female 26.790        2     no northwest  4189.113
1281  48 female 33.330        0     no southeast  8283.681
1282  47 female 27.645        2    yes northwest 24535.699
1283  18 female 21.660        0    yes northeast 14283.459
1284  18   male 30.030        1     no southeast  1720.354
1285  61   male 36.300        1    yes southwest 47403.880
1286  47 female 24.320        0     no northeast  8534.672
1287  28 female 17.290        0     no northeast  3732.625
1288  36 female 25.900        1     no southwest  5472.449
1289  20   male 39.400        2    yes southwest 38344.566
1290  44   male 34.320        1     no southeast  7147.473
1291  38 female 19.950        2     no northeast  7133.903
1292  19   male 34.900        0    yes southwest 34828.654
1293  21   male 23.210        0     no southeast  1515.345
1294  46   male 25.745        3     no northwest  9301.894
1295  58   male 25.175        0     no northeast 11931.125
1296  20   male 22.000        1     no southwest  1964.780
1297  18   male 26.125        0     no northeast  1708.926
1298  28 female 26.510        2     no southeast  4340.441
1299  33   male 27.455        2     no northwest  5261.469
1300  19 female 25.745        1     no northwest  2710.829
1301  45   male 30.360        0    yes southeast 62592.873
1302  62   male 30.875        3    yes northwest 46718.163
1303  25 female 20.800        1     no southwest  3208.787
1304  43   male 27.800        0    yes southwest 37829.724
1305  42   male 24.605        2    yes northeast 21259.378
1306  24 female 27.720        0     no southeast  2464.619
1307  29 female 21.850        0    yes northeast 16115.305
1308  32   male 28.120        4    yes northwest 21472.479
1309  25 female 30.200        0    yes southwest 33900.653
1310  41   male 32.200        2     no southwest  6875.961
1311  42   male 26.315        1     no northwest  6940.910
1312  33 female 26.695        0     no northwest  4571.413
1313  34   male 42.900        1     no southwest  4536.259
1314  19 female 34.700        2    yes southwest 36397.576
1315  30 female 23.655        3    yes northwest 18765.875
1316  18   male 28.310        1     no northeast 11272.331
1317  19 female 20.600        0     no southwest  1731.677
1318  18   male 53.130        0     no southeast  1163.463
1319  35   male 39.710        4     no northeast 19496.719
1320  39 female 26.315        2     no northwest  7201.701
1321  31   male 31.065        3     no northwest  5425.023
1322  62   male 26.695        0    yes northeast 28101.333
1323  62   male 38.830        0     no southeast 12981.346
1324  42 female 40.370        2    yes southeast 43896.376
1325  31   male 25.935        1     no northwest  4239.893
1326  61   male 33.535        0     no northeast 13143.337
1327  42 female 32.870        0     no northeast  7050.021
1328  51   male 30.030        1     no southeast  9377.905
1329  23 female 24.225        2     no northeast 22395.744
1330  52   male 38.600        2     no southwest 10325.206
1331  57 female 25.740        2     no southeast 12629.166
1332  23 female 33.400        0     no southwest 10795.937
1333  52 female 44.700        3     no southwest 11411.685
1334  50   male 30.970        3     no northwest 10600.548
1335  18 female 31.920        0     no northeast  2205.981
1336  18 female 36.850        0     no southeast  1629.833
1337  21 female 25.800        0     no southwest  2007.945
1338  61 female 29.070        0    yes northwest 29141.360

Column

2. Get a glimpse of the data and indicate the number of observations and the number of variables in the data.

Rows: 1,338
Columns: 7
$ age      <int> 19, 18, 28, 33, 32, 31, 46, 37, 37, 60, 25, 62, 23, 56, 27, 1…
$ sex      <chr> "female", "male", "male", "male", "male", "female", "female",…
$ bmi      <dbl> 27.900, 33.770, 33.000, 22.705, 28.880, 25.740, 33.440, 27.74…
$ children <int> 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0…
$ smoker   <chr> "yes", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", "no", …
$ region   <chr> "southwest", "southeast", "southeast", "northwest", "northwes…
$ charges  <dbl> 16884.924, 1725.552, 4449.462, 21984.471, 3866.855, 3756.622,…

Distribution Analysis

Column

3. Create a bar plot of region. Use a few sentences to summarize your finding based on the plot.

The bar graph appears to shpw the southeast region to have a slightly higher number of beneficiaries that anywhere else. The data is fairly semetrical and evenly distributed.

4. Create a stack bar plot such that region is on the x axis and each bar shows the distribution of smoker in that region. You should make sure that your y axis shows percents.

5. Create a histogram of bmi. Discuss the distribution of the histogram.

The distribution appears to be fairly semestircal but maybe slightly skewed to the right.

Charges and Relationships

6. Create a histogram of charges, Discuss the distribution of the histogram.

The distribution appears to be skewed to the right.

7. Create a boxplot that shows the distribution of bmi based on the region. Discuss what you find based on the boxplot. (Hint: you need to have x and y variables in mapping)

The box plot shows the southeast to have a higher mean and IQR while the rest of the data appears to be fairly similar.

8. Create a scatterplot that shows the relationship between age (independent variable) and charges (dependent variable). Comment on the scatterplot.

The scatter plot shows the data to be trending upward and with little correlation.

Smoker Analysis

Column

9. You should find that it seems “charges” could be classified into several groups. Let’s create a scatterplot that has age as the independent variable (x) and has smoker as another categorical variable (color), and the response variable is charges. Comment on the scatterplot.

The plot has 2 distinct groups which is intresting becase that is not seen in other plots.

10. Now, create two data frames by subsetting insurance data as follows. smoker <- insurance[insurance$smoker==“yes”]

11. Create a scatterplot that has age as the independent variable (x) and the response variable is charges using the data frame smoker. Then add the smooth line. Comment on the plot. Does it make sense to use the smooth line to summarize the relationship between age of clients and the corresponding charges? Why?

The plot seems to be even and symmetrical. It does make sense to the use smooth line becase the data correlates to each other.

Non-Smoker Analysis

12. Repeat Question 11 using the data frame nonsmoker.

Further Exploration and Visualization

Column

13. Based on the finding you have on Questions 11 & 12, propose what you might do next if you want to model charges using other variables in this data.

To better predict medical costs, include more details like BMI, gender, kids, and where people live, and try different models to see what works best.

14. Create a pie chart of children. Use a few sentences to summarize your finding based on the plot. (Hint: You need to convert the variable to a categorical variable first)

15. Create a boxplot that shows the distribution of charges based on the number of children. Discuss what you find based on the boxplot.

The boxplot shows all the data to have a lot of outlyers and the means are all similar.

---
title: "Assignment 7"
output: 
  flexdashboard::flex_dashboard:
    orientation: columns
    vertical_layout: fill
    source_code: embed
        
---

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
library(flexdashboard)
library(ggplot2)
```

Overall Summary
=====================================  

In my analysis of insurance data, I explore different aspects like where people live, whether they smoke, their body mass index (BMI), and how much they're charged for insurance. I found that some regions have more people insured, smokers tend to pay more, and as people get older, their insurance costs might go up. The data also shows that while most people have reasonable medical charges but some face very high costs. Overall, my investigation reveals interesting patterns in who pays more for insurance and why, suggesting that both health habits and where you live can make a big difference in insurance expenses.

Data Preparation and Summary
=====================================  
    
Row 
-------------------------------------
    
### 1. Read the data file insurance.csv using the read_csv() function in tidyverse.
```{r}
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
insurance<- read.csv("~/Desktop/MTH 209 /insurance.csv")
insurance
```
   
Column
-------------------------------------
   
### 2. Get a glimpse of the data and indicate the number of observations and the number of variables in the data.
```{r}
glimpse(insurance)
```
 

Distribution Analysis
=====================================   

Column {.tabset}
-------------------------------------
   
### 3. Create a bar plot of region. Use a few sentences to summarize your finding based on the plot.
```{r}
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = region)) +
  geom_bar(fill = "steelblue", color = "black") +
  labs(title = "Number of Beneficiaries by Region", x = "Region", y = "Count") +
  theme_minimal()
```

The bar graph appears to shpw the southeast region to have a slightly higher number of beneficiaries that anywhere else. The data is fairly semetrical and evenly distributed.


### 4. Create a stack bar plot such that region is on the x axis and each bar shows the distribution of smoker in that region. You should make sure that your y axis shows percents.
```{r}
insurance %>%
  group_by(region, smoker) %>%
  summarise(count = n()) %>%
  mutate(perc = count / sum(count) * 100) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = region, y = perc, fill = smoker)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format()) +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Smokers by Region", x = "Region", y = "Percentage", fill = "Smoker Status") +
  theme_minimal()
```

   
### 5. Create a histogram of bmi. Discuss the distribution of the histogram.
```{r}
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = bmi)) +
  geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..), binwidth = 1, fill = "cornflowerblue", color = "black") +
  geom_density(alpha = .2, fill = "red") +
  labs(title = "Distribution of BMI", x = "BMI", y = "Density") +
  theme_minimal()
```

The distribution appears to be fairly semestircal but maybe slightly skewed to the right. 


Charges and Relationships {data-orientation=rows}
=====================================     
    
### 6. Create a histogram of charges, Discuss the distribution of the histogram.
```{r}
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = charges)) +
  geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density..), binwidth = 10000, fill = "lightblue", color = "black") +
  geom_density(alpha = .2, fill = "orange") +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Medical Charges", x = "Medical Charges", y = "Density") +
  theme_minimal()
```

The distribution appears to be skewed to the right.

### 7. Create a boxplot that shows the distribution of bmi based on the region. Discuss what you find based on the boxplot. (Hint: you need to have x and y variables in mapping)
```{r}
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = region, y = bmi)) +
  geom_boxplot(fill = "lightgreen", color = "darkgreen") +
  labs(title = "Distribution of BMI by Region", x = "Region", y = "BMI") +
  theme_minimal()
```
The box plot shows the southeast to have a higher mean and IQR while the rest of the data appears to be fairly similar. 

### 8. Create a scatterplot that shows the relationship between age (independent variable) and charges (dependent variable). Comment on the scatterplot.
```{r}
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = age, y = charges)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = age), alpha = 0.5) +
  scale_color_gradient(low = "blue", high = "red") +
  labs(title = "Relationship Between Age and Medical Charges", x = "Age", y = "Medical Charges") +
  theme_minimal()
```
The scatter plot shows the data to be trending upward and with little correlation. 


Smoker Analysis
===================================== 

Column {.tabset}
-------------------------------------

### 9. You should find that it seems "charges" could be classified into several groups. Let's create a scatterplot that has age as the independent variable (x) and has smoker as another categorical variable (color), and the response variable is charges. Comment on the scatterplot.
```{r}
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = age, y = charges, color = smoker)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.6) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("No" = "blue", "Yes" = "red")) +
  labs(title = "Age vs. Medical Charges by Smoking Status", x = "Age", y = "Medical Charges", color = "Smoker Status") +
  theme_minimal()
```


The plot has 2 distinct groups which is intresting becase that is not seen in other plots. 

### 10. Now, create two data frames by subsetting insurance data as follows. smoker <- insurance[insurance$smoker=="yes"]
```{r}
smoker <- insurance[insurance$smoker == "yes", ]
nonsmoker <- insurance[insurance$smoker == "no", ]
```


### 11. Create a scatterplot that has age as the independent variable (x) and the response variable is charges using the data frame smoker. Then add the smooth line. Comment on the plot. Does it make sense to use the smooth line to summarize the relationship between age of clients and the corresponding charges? Why?
```{r}
ggplot(smoker, aes(x = age, y = charges)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = age), alpha = 0.6) +  # Points colored by age for additional depth
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "red", se = FALSE) +  # Add a linear regression line without confidence interval
  scale_color_gradient(low = "lightblue", high = "darkblue") +
  labs(title = "Age vs. Medical Charges for Smokers", x = "Age", y = "Medical Charges") +
  theme_minimal()
```


The plot seems to be even and symmetrical. It does make sense to the use smooth line becase the data correlates to each other. 


Non-Smoker Analysis
===================================== 

### 12. Repeat Question 11 using the data frame nonsmoker.
```{r}
ggplot(nonsmoker, aes(x = age, y = charges)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = age), alpha = 0.6) +  # Points colored by age for additional depth
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "green", se = FALSE) +  # Add a linear regression line without confidence interval
  scale_color_gradient(low = "lightgreen", high = "darkgreen") +
  labs(title = "Age vs. Medical Charges for Non-Smokers", x = "Age", y = "Medical Charges") +
  theme_minimal()
```


Further Exploration and Visualization
===================================== 

Column {.tabset}
-------------------------------------

### 13. Based on the finding you have on Questions 11 & 12, propose what you might do next if you want to model charges using other variables in this data.

To better predict medical costs, include more details like BMI, gender, kids, and where people live, and try different models to see what works best.

### 14. Create a pie chart of children. Use a few sentences to summarize your finding based on the plot. (Hint: You need to convert the variable to a categorical variable first)
```{r}
insurance$children <- as.factor(insurance$children)
ggplot(insurance) +
  geom_bar(aes(x = "", fill = children), width = 1) +
  coord_polar(theta = "y") +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Number of Children Covered", x = "", y = "", fill = "Number of Children") +
  theme_void()
```

### 15. Create a boxplot that shows the distribution of charges based on the number of children. Discuss what you find based on the boxplot.
```{r}
insurance$children <- as.factor(insurance$children)
ggplot(insurance, aes(x = children, y = charges)) +
  geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") +
  labs(title = "Distribution of Medical Charges by Number of Children", x = "Number of Children", y = "Medical Charges") +
  theme_minimal()
```
The boxplot shows all the data to have a lot of outlyers and the means are all similar.